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Passage #1 AI: Opportunity or Threat?
Recently, an artist used an artificial intelligence (AI) system to create the image above for an art contest. The image won first place in the digital arts category. This led to a controversy in the art community. Some people complained that the artist simply provided the system with basic instructions and let it do all the work. They felt this wasn’t fair to the rest of the artists in the contest. However, there were also people who were excited by the potential of AI. Today, there are numerous AI programs that can create various forms of art including images, songs, and novels.
AI image generators create images based on our text requests. They do this by copying other images that were created by humans. The generators have the ability to analyze millions of images and their corresponding descriptions. This allows them to create works of art in a short time based on the provided instructions. Moreover, AI programs can mix the styles of existing images upon request. For example, you can blend a photograph of a cat with Johannes Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring. These two images have a few differences. However, the overall design, the eyes, and the scarf around the head are clearly based on Vermeer’s painting. A simple request was enough to create this complex and detailed image.
AI programs may lead to changes not only in the art world but also in the music industry. These programs are already able to compose songs, and they give you many options. For example, you can choose the style and key, such as C major or A minor. You can also set how long the song will be. Once you’ve entered the information, the program will produce a song that you can edit or use as is. Furthermore, computer-generated imagery (commonly known as CGI) has opened up new possibilities in the music industry. Virtual influencers with extremely realistic faces, bodies, and voices have already released several songs. Some of them have many followers on social media, just like human singers. These types of virtual musicians are able to speak and move realistically with the help of their human creators.
Many AI programs are open to the public, which means they are free and convenient to use. However, these programs have sparked a debate over their impact on humans. Since AI has the potential to learn skills and perform them better than humans, some people view it as a threat. They worry that AI will replace humans in more and more areas. There are also concerns that AI may imitate the styles of human artists without their consent. On the other hand, others think that AI cannot exceed human imagination and that it is still dependent on human assistance. This is because the data that AI uses can have flaws or limitations. A dependence on imperfect data with little diversity eventually limits the output of AI programs. Human imagination, on the other hand, has no limits or boundaries.
Passage #2: Why Fashion Needs to Be More Sustainable
Worth over $3 trillion and making up 2% of the world’s GDP, the fashion industry today has an almost entirely linear approach. The process moves in a straight line from design to consumption to disposal. Material extraction, textile manufacturing, the supply chain, design, sales, marketing, and other steps are guided by the aim of maximizing garment consumption without considering other issues. Due to linear fashion, the fashion industry negatively affects the environment. 85% of textiles go into landfills, only 1% of the material is recycled, at least 500,000 tons of microfibers end up in the ocean (equal to 50 billion plastic bottles), and 93 billion cubic meters of water is required for textile production annually. Alarming numbers like these will keep increasing if producers maintain the old system. It is clear that waste and pollution from the fashion industry must be reduced. Linear fashion must change, and this could happen through circular fashion.
Circular fashion is inspired by the principles of a circular economy and sustainable development. A circular economy is based on limiting waste, keeping resources and materials in use, and reusing them. The rise of circular fashion is facilitated by new technology and ideas. Materials commonly used in clothing are not eco-friendly because they require considerable resources and often break down slowly. This creates a need for eco-friendly textile alternatives. Currently, companies are developing recycled fibers and fibers extracted from agricultural waste products like leaves, peels, and seeds. One company uses nanotechnology to make soft material from orange peels. These new fabric produce less waste, last a long time, and break down easily. In addition to these manufacturing techniques, technology will improve in such a way that it may become normal to produce clothes only when people order them. This “make-to-order” method will cost more, but then less money will be spent on maintaining offline stores. And 3D technology will enable people to see how clothes will fit online without trying them on in a store. In the long run, innovation in production and sales will facilitate sustainable fashion and considerably reduce material waste and logistics emissions.
Another key to making fashion sustainable is the consumer: us. If we want the fashion industry to adopt more sustainable practices, we must care about how clothes come to us. We should then demonstrate our concerns through what we buy. The market, of course, will respond. We can also reduce waste by discarding clothes responsibly. To be specific, we should buy only what we need and pass clothing on to someone who will wear it or to a thrift shop when discarding it. Circular fashion will not solve every problem in the fashion industry overnight. However, small steps in the right direction are better than nothing. Keeping things in the supply chain for as many cycles as possible is really important. By making small changes to our clothing habits today, the fashion industry will gradually improve. After all, nothing is more fashionable than saving the planet.
Passage #3: English or Englishes?
English has become a widely used “lingua franca” due to its extensive usage and adoption in many countries, allowing individuals who speak different native languages to communicate and understand each other. About 1.75 billion people around the world use English as a useful means of communication, due to the high demand of English in critical fields such as science, technology, business, and entertainment. Moreover, in the digital era, people are exposed to a vast amount of online information and resources in English on a daily basis. These factors have consistently contributed to the widespread use and global influence of the English language. As English ability grows in different nations, various English varieties have emerged worldwide, including Singaporean English, Korean English, Indian English, and others. Previously, British English and American English were considered the standard models. However, it is important to note that American English was initially seen as a regional variation rather than a standard form. As a result, we now refer to the different varieties of English as “Englishes,” not simply “English.”
When a language is adopted in a specific region or community, it is natural for it to undergo changes or modifications as the local people utilize the language to more accurately reflect their daily realities and cultural contexts. Linguistic change takes place across various aspects of language, including grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, and everyday expressions. The change is particularly noticeable in vocabulary. English vocabulary has been modified and new expressions have been created within the different varieties of English. In Indian English, the term “prepone” was coined to mean “to reschedule” as the opposite of “postpone.” For instance, if a meeting scheduled for Thursday is moved to Wednesday, it is considered “preponed.” Hong Kong English speakers shout “add oil” to show encouragement or support, a direct translation from a Chinese expression, which originally meant to inject more gasoline into an engine. This evolution allows language to better match up with the everyday experiences and cultural contexts of the communities that utilize it.
As these English expressions are widely used locally and gain exposure in other countries, they contribute to the expansion and diversification of the English vocabulary. Moreover, English dictionaries have incorporated borrowed words from foreign languages. Some of the most popular English words borrowed from foreign languages include established terms such as tsunami, emoji, and origami in Japanese. Hygge in Danish and kiosk in Turkish have also gained worldwide currency among English speakers. Recently, as the Korean wave has spread globally, words related to Korean culture such as kimchi, hanbok, kimbab, and hallyu have been added to English dictionaries. As words and expressions related to Korean culture like oppa, noona, mukbang, daebak are included in English dictionaries, English vocabulary is becoming more diversified and the understanding of Korean culture around the world is deepened, accordingly.